If you were in a hurry and wanted to know the pornpros time, which of the following utterances would you use to a complete stranger in the street: What time is it, please? — Have you the time on you, by any Flexible Positions chance? Excuse me, but could you tell me the time ? It would be nice if we could show that there was a close relation be­tween a knowledge of the formation rules of a language and its speak­ing rules. If such a relationship could be shown, of course, we could say that a high score in a competence test would predict a high score in a performance test. Unfortunately, there is no clear evidence yet that this is the case, and teachers certainly are aware that pupils who do well in their ordinary class tests and examinations are not necessarily the ones who seem to be able to use the language most effectively in the world outside the classroom. The term 'reliability' has cropped up on several occasions in the last few sections. It is now time to examine the notion in greater detail. We want our tests to measure as accurately as possible what they set out to measure. But if for any reason we cannot place our confidence in the results we get, then we can scarcely regard the tests as valid. We have therefore to do all we can to make our tests reliable.

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